Descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis using IBM SPSS statistics and R

Jaggi, Seema and Varghese, Cini and Varghese, Eldho and Gills, Reshma (2023) Descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis using IBM SPSS statistics and R. In: Training Manual on Advanced Analytical Tools for Social Science Research Vol.1. CMFRI Training Manual Series No. 29/2023 . ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, pp. 3-28.

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Abstract

The fundamental characteristics of the data in a study are described using descriptive statistics. Simple summaries of the sample and the measurements are provided. They serve as the foundation for almost all quantitative study of data, along with straightforward graphical analysis. Quantitative descriptions are presented in an understandable fashion using descriptive statistics. There may be several different measures in a research project, or we may measure a huge number of participants on any one measure. We can rationally simplify massive volumes of data with the use of descriptive statistics. Each descriptive statistic distils a large amount of data into a more concise summary. There are two fundamental approaches: graphical and numerical. One might calculate statistics like the mean and standard deviation using the numerical approach. These statistics reveal the average level of skewness and the extent to which skewness varies between individuals. Numerical methods are less suitable for finding patterns in the data than graphical methods. The precision and objectivity of numerical methods are greater. It is advisable to employ both numerical and graphical approaches because they complement one another

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