Disease diagnosis in marine fish and shellfish

Sumithra, T G and Sharma, S R Krupesha (2026) Disease diagnosis in marine fish and shellfish. In: Beyond Blue Horizons Training Manual for BSc (Agri) students of Kerala Agricultural University. ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, pp. 132-136.

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Abstract

The global human population is anticipated to surpass 9 billion by 2050 and 11 billion by 2100 (UN, 2017), placing immense pressure on meeting growing food demands. In response to the rising need for marine protein, marine aquaculture presents a promising avenue for increasing seafood production. Mariculture, the farming of marine species, has emerged as a key sector for enhancing and diversifying global food systems, with ~249 species currently under cultivation (Hedge et al., 2023). Recognised as a major sub-sector of the aquaculture industry, mariculture contributes significantly to sustainable food production and supports the economic development of coastal communities. Presently, commercial mariculture operations are active in 102 countries across all continents except Antarctica. Over the past 30 years, mariculture production has grown nearly five-fold (Gentry et al., 2023). However, production remains concentrated in a few nations, with China alone accounting for over one-third of global output. Between 2000 and 2018, mariculture expanded at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of ~5.2%, compared to the CAGR of ~5.6% for the overall aquaculture sector (World Aquaculture, 2022). In 2020, global aquatic animal production reached an estimated 178 million tonnes, of which 63% (112 million tonnes) was sourced from marine environments, with 70% from capture fisheries and 30% from aquaculture (The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2022).

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