Red sea bream iridovirus infection in cage farmed Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer): Insights into the pathology, epizootiology, and genetic diversity

Sumithra, T G and Sharma, S R Krupesha and Neelima, L and Dhanutha, N R and Joshy, Aswathy and Nair, V Anusree and Gayathri, S and Ramudu, Kurva Raghu and Praveen, N D and Thomas, Sujitha and Rajesh, K M (2022) Red sea bream iridovirus infection in cage farmed Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer): Insights into the pathology, epizootiology, and genetic diversity. Aquaculture, 548 (1). pp. 1-15.

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Abstract

Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is an emerging viral pathogen having significant socio-economic and environmental impacts on marine and brackish aquaculture systems. The study documents certain interesting findings of an RSIV disease outbreak that caused 50% cumulative mortality among cage farmed Asian sea bass in India. The confirmatory diagnosis was made based on internationally approved protocols. The affected fish showed splenomegaly, anaemia, and abnormally enlarged cells within the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain. The consistent presence of two fish pathogens, viz., Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis, in the liver, along with characteristic vibrio-induced pathologies were noted, indicating the possible role of these bacterial pathogens in RSIV pathogenesis during the outbreak. More strikingly, the surviving fish were found to carry the virus even after two months post-outbreak, warranting future investigations on the carrier status of RSIV survivors. Transmission electron microscopy in the survivors demonstrated atypical virus particles within the degenerated cells of the vital organs, suggesting the role of host immune response in preventing the maturation of RSIV particles in the survivors. Phylogram based on MCP and ATPase genes demonstrated the spread of the same RSIV clone across different countries, regardless of the fish species. Results also revealed the presence of two RSIV subtypes. Both subtypes were mainly distributed in marine demersal fishes of Asian countries. Presently, subtype 2 is the most frequently reported one. Subtype 1 revealed higher genetic diversity with a wider geographical spread and host range. Molecular analyses revealed that MCP and ATPase genes could be targeted in RSIV subtyping, with MCP as a better candidate. A purifying selection was observed on the MCP gene that can be applied for diagnostic protocols. In short, the study generates certain thought-provoking insights on RSIV through the analyses of a recent outbreak along with the genetic and epizootiological data of global strains. Further, the paper also forms the first report on the presence of RSIV in surviving fish post-disease outbreak in the absence of clinical signs. Altogether, the results highlight the necessity of strengthening quarantine and RSIV diagnostic measures to have sustainable aquaculture practices.

Item Type: Article
Uncontrolled Keywords: ATPase gene; Surviving fish; Megalocytivirus; Major capsid protein; RSIV subtyping
Subjects: Aquaculture > Cage culture
Fish and Fisheries > Fish Disease
Fish and Fisheries > Fish Genetics
Fish and Fisheries > Fish Pathology
Aquaculture > Seabass
Divisions: CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division
Subject Area > CMFRI > CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division
CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division
Subject Area > CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division
Depositing User: Arun Surendran
Date Deposited: 29 Mar 2023 11:10
Last Modified: 29 Mar 2023 11:10
URI: http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/eprint/16892

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